Metrics and data

What is Total Addressable Market (TAM)? According to the Corporate Finance Institute, “The Total Addressable Market (TAM), also referred to as total available market, is the overall revenue opportunity that is available to a product or service if 100% market share was achieved. It helps determine the level of effort and funding that a person or company should put into a new business line.” Related resource: What Is TAM and How Can You Expand It To Grow Your Business? “TAM” is one of those buzzy acronyms that VCs love to throw around. For those following along at home, TAM = Total Addressable Market. It helps paint the picture of how big the opportunity is and if the business deserves to be venture-backed. TAM is a funny thing. Early on, many investors passed on Uber, wrongly seeing it as little more than a black car service for affluent San Franciscans. The type of analysis that led many to overlook Uber (when it was still called UberCab) mirrors the approach that Benchmark’s Bill Gurley criticized NYU professor Aswath Damodaran for a couple of years later in a piece called “How to Miss By A Mile: An Alternative Look at Uber’s Potential Market Size” “Let’s first dive into the TAM assumption. In choosing to use the historical size of the taxi and limousine market, Damodaran is making an implicit assumption that the future will look quite like the past.” – Bill Gurley The most forward-thinking investors were able to see past the limited size of the initial niche targeted by the company and see something closer to what the company has become — a $50 Billion valuation with operations in 67 countries and offerings ranging from food delivery to carpooling. TAM vs. SAM vs. SOM: What’s the Difference? Total addressable market (TAM) is often associated with SAM and SOM. First, let’s understand SAM and SOM: TAM: Total Addressable Market SAM: Serviceable Available Market SOM: Serviceable Obtainable Market TAM looks at the overall market but you can dial this number in with a more realistic approaching using both SAM and SOM. SAM (Serviceable Available Market) As defined by Steve Blank, “The serviceable available market or served addressable market is more clearly defined as that market opportunity that exists within a firm’s existing core competencies and/or past performance. The biggest consideration when calculating SAM is that a firm most likely can only service markets that are core or directly adjacent to its current customer base.” This means that SAM is how many customers (in revenue) actually fits your company and product line your are building. This differs from TAM as your TAM is a look at your entire market, not factoring in what percentage is actually achievable to close. Related Resource: Total Addressable Market vs Serviceable Addressable Market SOM (Serviceable Obtainable Market) SOM or serviceable obtainable market dials in your target market one step further. SOM is the percentage of the market that you can actually reach with your product, sales, and marketing channels. This should be a realistic view at the customer base your company can pursue. How to Calculate TAM When it comes to financial modeling and building a TAM for your business, there are a few different approaches. The most common being top-down and bottom-up approaches. Top-Down While a top-down approach to modeling is oftentimes the easiest, it is generally less accurate than a bottom-up approach (more on this below). According to inc.com, “A top-down analysis is calculated by determining the total market, then estimating your share of that market. A typical top-down analysis might go something like this: ‘Hmm… I will sell a widget everyone can use, and since there are 300,000 people in my area, even if I only manage to land 5 percent of that market I’ll make 15,000 sales.’” For example, if you were to find a market to be $10 billion and you believe that you can capture 1% of the market that is $100 million in revenue. This number might get circulated when fundraising, only to find out that there are many more factors that go into penetrating a new market. Bottom-up On the flip side is a bottom-up approach. Oftentimes more accurate but also requires more work and more data. As the team at inc.com describes a bottom-up approach, “A bottom-up analysis is calculated by estimating potential sales in order to determine a total sales figure. A bottom-up analysis evaluates where products can be sold, the sales of comparable products, and the slice of current sales you can carve out. While it takes a lot more effort, the result is usually much more accurate.” For example, let’s say we have software that sells for $10/mo. This means that the average consumer would spend $120/year. From here, we need to figure out how many consumers or customers we could add. Using past marketing website data, we believe that we can add 100 customers a month or $12,000 in recurring revenue (learn more about metrics here). Next, we can begin to model the growth of marketing site users and conversions to forecast what revenue might look like in 12 months. Related resource: Bottom-Up Market Sizing: What It Is and How to Do It Value Theory Approach As put by the team at HubSpot, “The value-theory approach is based on how much value consumers receive from your product/service and how much they’re willing to pay in the future for that product/service.” This requires certain data and assumptions that might take some added research. For example, let’s say that we sell snowboards and the ones we are creating are lighter, faster, and better for the environment than the normal snowboard. We could calculate our value theory by taking the price shops are selling a traditional board for, let’s say $300, and figure out how much more they’d be willing to sell your state-of-the-art product for — maybe $350 or $400. External Research One of the quickest ways to calculate your total addressable market is by using professional data from outside sources. There are countless companies (like Gartner and Forrester) that produce rich data reports on specific markets and verticals that can be a great launching point. Note: these often come at a hefty price. This is generally not the best approach as it is difficult to understand where the data came from and how it is being calculated. Questions to Ask Before You Calculate TAM There are many different approaches when it comes to calculating your TAM. At the end of the day, you’ll want to make sure you are setting realistic expectations and are painting a picture of reality. A couple of questions to consider asking before calculating your TAM: What are the characteristics of our current and potential customer profiles? What industries should we target to maximize sales? Where are the companies in those industries located? Who buys our solutions? How big are these companies? What are the market conditions like? Is the market growing? Are there new entrants? How does our budget compare to our competitors’ budgets? Where is growth expected? The Free Visible Total Addressable Market Template and Evaluation Model In order to help founders model their TAM and sensitivity analysis, we created a free Google Sheet template. You can find the Google Doc here: Visible.vc – Market Sizing, TAM & Sensitivity Analysis. Simply open it up and click the arrow on the bottom left sheet and copy it to your own Google Sheet workbook. Below, I’ll explain the process and instructions. You’ll see step-by-step directions for using the template below. Where Does Your Total Addressable Market Start (and End)? Before calculating the actual size of the market you are looking to capture, you first need to try to build an understanding of where that market begins and ends. Many companies, like Uber, start out in a specific niche with plans to scale into adjacent markets that allow them to apply their product and operational expertise to a different set of customers or a different geographic location. However, taking a company that is excelling in one niche and extrapolating their growth across multiple markets is a difficult task for both companies and the investors evaluating them. “Sequencing markets correctly is underrated, and it takes discipline to expand gradually. The most successful companies make the core progression—to first dominate a specific niche and then scale to adjacent markets—a part of their founding narrative.” – Peter Thiel, Zero to One One year ago, Uber’s Gross Revenue in San Francisco was $500 Million. Assuming a 20% cut, we get to just $100 Million a year. 5 years ago, connecting the dots forward to see how they could move from that to what they have since become took a combination of masterful storytelling from Travis Kalanick and his team as well as a large leap of faith by the investors evaluating them. This is a potential pitfall of using a TAM based on historical market sizes for truly game-changing businesses (as Gurley’s quote from above illustrates). Another oft-committed mistake surfaces with many Ecommerce companies, who claim to be chasing the $1.6 Trillion Global Ecommerce Market. Sure, it is a huge number. But it is one that investors will see right through, much like highly inflated financial projections or overly ambitious product roadmaps. In reality, most ecommerce businesses are addressing the X $ spent each year on Y problem(s). Why Should Startups and Growing Companies FOcus on TAM? Going through a marketing sizing and pricing exercise can help shape your business and the decisions you make when it comes to your go-to-market strategy. How many customers are there in our market? What is their propensity to pay? How many customers can we realistically support? What % of the market can we get in 10 years? Can we be the market leader? Forecasts Using TAM is a good base for creating future forecasts and projections. Using a bottom-up approach is a great way to help forecast where you believe your business can be in the future. This is particularly important when thinking about fundraising, hiring, and budgeting for the next X months. Related Reading: Building A Startup Financial Model That Works Fundraising Different investors might have different preferences when it comes to presenting TAM during a pitch. If an investor does want to see your TAM estimates, it is generally suggested to use a bottom-up approach. As the team at DreamIt Ventures puts it, “The biggest mistake we see with regard to TAM is when founders present a “top-down” estimate of market size. A top-down estimate is when a founder uses outside data to find the market size and then, usually somewhat arbitrarily, predicts that the startup will achieve a piece of that invariably massive pie.” Related Reading: How to Write a Problem Statement [Startup Edition] Related Reading: 6 Types of Investors Startup Founders Need to Know About Building Your Total Addressable Market Model You can find the Google Doc here: Visible.vc – Market Sizing, TAM & Sensitivity Analysis. Simply open it up and click the arrow on the bottom left sheet and copy it to your own Google Sheet workbook. Below, I’ll explain the process and instructions. First, you’ll want to start either with a top-down or bottom-up approach (more on the differences here). For this model and exercise, we recommend bottom-up. If you are a SaaS company you may want to break down between SMB, Middle Market, and Enterprise and the yearly contract sizes for each type. Ecommerce companies may want to break down by yearly revenue per customer type. The model should work for any type of business. For marketplaces, we would recommend your transaction cut and not “Gross Merchandise Value.” Feel free to replace the “Customer Type” headers with your own descriptions. The green cells are the inputs for a number of customers and pricing for each respective type. The 100% market penetration is a quick gut check to say “If we captured 100% of the stated market how big would our business be?” After the inputs have been entered you’ll see a Sensitivity Analysis that provides Yearly Revenue based on your % of Market Penetration and Pricing. We use the Total Number of Customers from your inputs and various Yearly Revenue numbers to provide the results. In the first column, I just added a simple calculation for the Number of Customers. This simply takes % of Market & Total Customers. It also provides a quick gut check…e.g. “Is it reasonable to acquire and service X customers?”. The analysis is color-coordinated. Red means your business is below $10 Million a year, yellow is $10 Million to $100 Million and green is >$100 Million a year in revenue. Most investors will want to see a clear path to $10 Million per year and the vision to get you to $100M. Anything short and they will likely tell you that “your business is not venture backable and you won’t be able to return our fund.” We hope you enjoy this template. If you have any feedback, suggestions, or questions send them our way! If you found this to be valuable we’d love for you to share it. Just click this link and it will craft a pre-populated Tweet (that you are welcome to edit). Streamline and Deliver Investor Updates with Visible Raise capital, update investors and engage your team from a single platform. Try Visible free for 14 days.

You’ve heard the stories about companies getting funded based on a sketch on the back of a napkin. If your name is Ev Williams or if that napkin sketch is as compelling as Amazon’s, you may have a shot. If you aren’t a founder of Twitter, Blogger, and Medium or spend your free time saving journalism and launching rockets, people evaluating your business are far less likely to take your proclamations about the future at face value. In this blog, we write a lot about the importance of storytelling for a company. No matter who you are talking to – team members, investors, potential investors – company storytelling doesn’t stop, it simply changes contexts and mediums. A financial model is one of those mediums through which your company can tell its story, even without the operational history one might assume would be necessary to persuade investors or make smart decisions about the direction of the business. Related Resource: How to Create a Startup Funding Proposal: 8 Samples and Templates to Guide You At Visible, we work with VC backed companies on a daily basis. To get a better understanding of what it takes to build a compelling and useful financial model, we turned to our experience and conversations with customers and laid out our findings below. Why Startup Financial Models are so Important When Warren Buffett invests in a company, he makes holistic decisions about the quality of the business as if he is buying the whole thing and not simply a decision about the direction the stock might move. When building a financial model, a similar philosophy applies. Before breaking the business into discrete pieces and asking yourself which direction each will go, first look at the business as a whole and understand both what you as an organization are trying to accomplish as well as what the intended use of the model and startup financial projections you are building will be. What do we need to accomplish over the next x months… …in order to put ourselves into a position to successfully raise a Series A round? …for this partnership with Big Co. to make an impact on our bottom line? …so that we can hit profitability and maintain optionality over how we finance our future growth (customers vs. investment)? …for this product or distribution decision (which puts a significant amount of capital at risk) to pay off? The goal of a financial model is not to be exactly right with every projection. The more important focus is to show that you, as a founding or executive team, have a handle on the things that will directly impact the success or failure of your business and a cogent plan for executing successfully. There are a few key reasons why it is an important exercise for startup founders to model and project their future growth: Fundraising Different investors will have different opinions on financial projections. Some like to see them to see how a founder is thinking about their business. Others won’t ask for them as most startups likely will miss one way or another. Mark Suster of Upfront Ventures puts it similarly: “See I don’t care if your projections prove wrong over time. I care about your assumptions going in. I care about the thought that you’ve given to the customer problem. I care about how much you’ve thought about market share, competitors, adoption rates, etc.” However, projections and financials will become more important later in your lifecycle stage. Where a seed round investor might not necessarily care about forecasts in the early days a Series C investor might want to see more concrete data to model growth. Related Reading: 6 Types of Investors Startup Founders Need to Know About Related Reading: A Quick Overview on VC Fund Structure Related Reading: How to Secure Financing With a Bulletproof Startup Fundraising Strategy Hiring Plans Building a financial model is a great way to understand how your overall business performance can impact hiring plans (and vice versa). By modeling different scenarios you can see how adding headcount can impact your bottom line. Go to Market Strategy In the earliest days of your business, a financial model and marketing sizing exercise will help you wrap your head around go-to-market strategy. This could be finding a more efficient way to acquire customers or maybe a new playbook for handling churn. With that being said, financial models and projections can take many shapes and sizes… Types of Startup Financial Model Structures that Work Financial projections are essential for any business, even if it’s not yet generating revenue. A variety of specific methods exist for performing this task, but they can generally be classified into top-down and bottom-up approaches. Financial analysts often use both methods as checks upon each other. Among technology companies – especially ones located in a certain geographic region – the very mention of a financial model evokes thoughts of calculator toting, tie-wearing, number crunchers sitting somewhere in a suburban cubicle. With the direction sentiment is shifting in the early-stage market, this mindset couldn’t be further from reality. A well-constructed financial model displays a professional approach to running your business and shows that you “take seriously the fact that you are deploying other people’s capital.” A good financial model consists to two things: Well thought out projections about the future of the business A properly structured, understandable, and dynamic spreadsheet Bottoms Up Startup Financial Projections A bottoms-up financial model – where you start with 5 – 15 core assumptions about the business – is most useful for a company contemplating a specific product direction, distribution strategy (i.e. invest in paid advertising), or a certain partnership that could potentially have a major impact on the business. Top Down Startup Financial Projections A top-down financial model may be most useful for a company that, for example, knows that it will need to go out and raise $X million in a Series A round 15 months from now and has spent time gathering data on what types of revenue, margins, and growth numbers they need to hit to have a successful fundraise. (Note: If you are a SaaS company, the Pacific Crest SaaS Survey is a great starting point to benchmark yourself) Maybe in this case, those numbers are $1.5MM in MRR with at least 100% YoY growth. With those in mind, you can work backward to understand how much you need to grow and which distribution channels may provide the best bridge from where you are now to where you need to be. 3 Deliverables Included in Every Financial Model There is not a one size fits all template for financial modeling. The structure of a model for seed-stage SaaS and a Series C eCommerce company will greatly differ. However, there are a few things that should be included in any solid financial statement, regardless of type: Financials Statements Every financial model should weigh your different financial statements. While projected financial statements may not be as vital/accurate in the seed stage/early days of a business, they will become more important and accurate in later stages. Related Resource: Important Startup Financials to Win Investors Cash Flow Overview Cash flow overviews are a vital part of a financial model because it will help you understand the true financial health and cash flow of your business. In the seed stage/early days, cash flow is incredibly important to monitor as you are in search of your first customers. KPI Overview Using actual metrics and data from your sales & marketing process is important to any financial model. You want to be able to understand how different go-to-market strategies impact your business and give you an idea of where and how you can grow your funnel (and revenue). 5 Metrics Needed for Every Financial Model As we mentioned above, not every financial model is the same. However, there are a few key metrics that can be translated across most financial models. Revenue At the end of the day, revenue is the lifeline of any business. Bringing new revenue in the door is the basis of every model. In a good financial model, you can use other inputs to help you model how your revenue is impacted in different scenarios. Cost of Goods Sold (COGs) No matter if it is the cost of goods sold or your expenses at a software company, COGs are a necessary part of any model. You need to understand what it costs to acquire new customers or build a new product. Operating Expenses The expenses that go into operating your business are also a necessary part of a financial model. You need to understand how and where your company is spending. Ideally, you’ll be able to model different scenarios with headcount and hiring plans to model how OpEx can impact your overall revenue. Burn Rate and Cash on Hand Going hand-in-hand with OpEx are your burn rate and cash metrics. You can use different hiring and OpEx inputs to help model your cash flow. This will be important when weighing different financing options. Acquisition Metrics While the name of acquisition metrics will change names from market to market, the idea behind them is consistent. You should include acquisition metrics so you can model how different GTM strategies and plans will impact your overall financial health. How to Build Your Startup Financial Model Bottoms Up Startup Financial Projections The bottom-up approach uses specific parameters to develop a general forecast of a business’s performance. This method might start the number of people you expect to pass by your business each day, also known as footfall. You would then estimate the percentage of footfall that will enter your store and make a purchase. The next step is to estimate the average value of each purchase to project your annual sales. Bottom up projections are based on a set of individual assumptions, allowing you to determine the impact of changing a particular parameter with relative ease. You may use a bottom-up approach to select a location for a new business. You can obtain an accurate estimate of the footfall by direct observation. You can also observe similar stores in that area to estimate the percentage of footfall that are likely to enter your store. The prices that your competitors charge will give you a good idea of the price you can expect to charge. Projections Some investors tend to prefer a bottoms up projection. As we previously wrote, “The reason being that a top-down approach relies on self-reported data from private companies, which can often be misleading, inaccurate or interpreted incorrectly. A bottom-up approach, however, uses firsthand data and knowledge of your own company and reduces the risk of the data being wrong or taken out of context.” Spreadsheet For example, assume for this example that an average of 10,000 people pass by a particular location each day. About one percent of this traffic in this area enters a store and makes a purchase, and the average total of each sale is about $5. The expected annual sales revenue in this example is therefore 10,000 x 0.01 x 5 x 365 = $182,500. You can then refine this estimate by considering additional factors such as price changes, closing on weekends and seasonal fluctuations. Template(s) At the end of the day, investors view TAM as a picture of how big your business can be. Correctly modeling the market is vital to proving that your business should be venture-backed. If you need a little help painting a picture of the market your solution could address, try using our TAM template! It has everything you need to start modeling the market your business can capture. Top Down Startup Financial Projections A top-down method of estimating future financial performance uses general parameters to develop specific projection numbers. You’ll often use a top-down approach to determine the market share that your new business can expect to receive. You might start with the market value of your product, narrowing it down to a particular location as much as possible. You would then assume that your business will receive a specific portion of that market and use that estimate to generate a sales forecast. A top-down approach is comparatively easy since the only parameters it really requires is the total market value for your area and the market share you expect to receive. This method is most useful for checking the reasonableness of the projections resulting from a bottom-up approach. However, top down projections aren’t recommended for preparing detailed forecasts. Projections Some investors will be weary when pitched using top down projections. However, this does not mean that there is no value in a top down approach. A top down approach is best used for a new endeavor where you may not have proper data yet. For example, if you are a pre-seed company with little to no revenue, it may be best to share your top down projections using outside and general market data. Spreadsheet For example, assume for this example you plan to open a business in an area where the total annual sale value of your product is $2 billion. You believe that your business might get 0.01 percent of that market, resulting in annual sales of $200,000. Note that your financial projection is entirely dependent upon the accuracy of your estimate on the product’s market value and your market share. Furthermore, the top-down approach doesn’t ask you “what if” type questions. Template(s) At the end of the day, investors view TAM as a picture of how big your business can be. Correctly modeling the market is vital to proving that your business should be venture-backed. If you need a little help painting a picture of the market your solution could address, try using our TAM template! It has everything you need to start modeling the market your business can capture. Common Financial Modeling Mistakes Failing to hit both of the requirements we mentioned in the last section – well-thought-out projections and a well-constructed spreadsheet – will quickly render your model unusable and will reflect poorly on you as a founder and on your company. Projections Assuming that revenue will come with scale. While this has long been a criticism of social networks and consumer apps hoping to monetize a critical mass of eyeballs through advertising, many companies who have revenue models built into their businesses from the start (think SaaS or Marketplaces models) still falsely assume that revenue, to the extent they need to be sustainable, will happen once they reach x number of users or “decide to turn on the spigot”. Focusing too much on point estimates and not range estimates – As Taylor Davidson puts it in a post on his own blog, “instead of agonizing over whether your conversion rate will be 2% or 5%, focus on the possible range or conversion rates and evaluate the results based upon the range of estimates, not the point estimate of 2% or 5%.” Underestimating Customer Acquisition Costs (CAC) – Just go read this post. Not doing your homework – There is a tremendous amount of information available, for free, that can help you gauge your performance and benchmark your growth. We mentioned the Pacific Crest Survey above. Other great resources include AngelList, Mattermark, and the blogs of companies embracing the Radical Transparency movement. Spreadsheet Spending too much time on non-material data points – The Pareto Principle applies here, just as it does to many other undertakings in a startup. While it might seem like spending time optimizing everything in your model will yield the best results, the reality is that going deep on your 5 – 15 core assumptions will yield a much more effective result. Failure to design your model for usability – To make your model most effective, you need to pay close attention to how usable the output is for viewers. That means clear explanations, a simple structure, and making sure to follow convention so there are no surprises. We linked to it above but David Teten of ff Venture Capital has a great post on the topic of standardizing the way you build your startup spreadsheets. Neglecting to include a sensitivity analysis – This goes back to the idea of understanding what your model outputs look like for a range of estimates. You should also keep in mind that your model should be treated as a flexible, living document. That means that your assumptions shouldn’t be hard-coded. Instead, as Taylor recommends, “create your assumptions so that you can easily change an assumption in one place and all formulas and outputs will recalculate automatically.” Displaying only financial statements and neglecting key metrics – Financial statements go a long way in showcasing the overall health of a business. Unfortunately, many models stop at the financial statements. What investors want to see is a synthesized look at those financials that make it easier to evaluate your business. As an example, a good model won’t just showcase projected revenue growth, it will look at how things like customer growth (and churn) and contract size work together to contribute to that top line number. Best startup financial model resources Unless you spent the first couple years of your career cutting your teeth inside an investment bank, your best bet is to lean on existing resources for the structural composition (i.e. the spreadsheet) of your financial model. The Standard Startup Financial Model that Taylor Davidson has put together on Foresight.is has been used by over 15,000 people across the world – from one-person operations just getting started to companies raising large VC rounds or considering acquisitions. And while we don’t recommend building your model from scratch, it is useful to understand how one can construct a professional financial model. Here are a couple quick resources, recommended by Davidson and us here at Visible: Best Practices in Spreadsheet Design by David Teten of ff Venture Capital 3 Traits of a Great Financial Model from Mark MacLeod Finally, if you are looking for a less sophisticated model or something to fit a specific modeling use case (user acquisition, revenue growth, or operations) here is a quick list of resources recommended by Davidson: Revelry Labs resourcing spreadsheet for operations modeling OpEx Budgeting from IA Ventures Viral Marketing modeling from Andrew Chen Modeling SaaS Customer Churn, MRR, and Cohorts from Christoph Janz Related Resource: A User-Friendly Guide to Startup Accounting Putting Your Financial Model to Work Mark Suster offers great advice for taking the financial model you have built and using it to help grow your business: “Financial models are the Lingua Franca of investors. But they should also be the map and the Lingua Franca of your management discussions.” Financial models play a key role in all of the major discussions you have about your business with all of your key stakeholders. A comprehensive financial model will have within it a number of different pieces that are relevant to different conversations within your company. The interplay between your revenue growth, your current burn rate, and the amount of money you have in the bank are all useful when putting together a hiring plan. Your assumptions for revenue can be isolated and used as a jumping off point when discussing a change to your distribution strategy. And as mentioned above, the projections you build around your key performance metrics are a crucial part of a successful fundraising process. In some cases – whether internally with management or externally with investors – the conversation will be high level and in other instances you will need to be more granular. If you have taken the time to thoughtfully prepare your assumptions around the future of your business, your most critical conversations will be more productive and you give yourself a strong advantage in the daily battle for capital and talent.

Andreessen Horowitz Startup Metrics Template Andreessen Horowitz (a16z) is one of the most prolific VC investors in the market today. With investments across a number of different stages, sectors, and business models, they have seen first hand the lack of (and the need for) standardization in the way private technology companies track metrics and present those metrics to current and potential stakeholders. While their well known post, called “16 Startup Metrics“, dives deep into a number of great metrics for different business models – Marketplaces and Ecommerce in particular – we focused this video on SaaS metrics and how companies can use Visible templates along with other sources to benchmark themselves against others in the market and set themselves up for fundraising success. For benchmarking purposes, we leaned on this year’s Pacific Crest SaaS Survey. With over 300 respondents representing different geographies and sizes, the survey provides very actionable insight into how your company is performing relative to others in the market. Pacific Crest Respondents SaaS Revenue and Profitability Metrics In our example, we are looking at a SaaS company with Total Annual Revenue of just under $2 million (we’ll call them ExCo.). At this size, it it likely they would be going out to raise a Series A round of funding. MRR vs. Service Revenue There are generally two types of revenue for a SaaS company – the first is Subscription Revenue (called MRR or ARR). This is product focused revenue that is recurring and predictable — especially if you are able to sign customers to longer term agreements. Investors prefer this type of revenue because it signals a high quality product with a path to long-term profitability. The second type of revenue is Services Revenue which often comes in the form on one-off (read: not predictable) consulting engagements or implementation fees. Because of the human-capital intensive nature of providing these services, they are far less profitable and scalable than Subscription Revenue. According to the Pacific Crest SaaS Survey, the median gross margin on subscription revenue is almost 80% while the margin on professional services in under 20% Average Contract Value (ACV) As defined in the a16z post, ACV is “the value of the contract over a 12-month period.” If you are seeing an uptrend in ACV over time (which is generally the goal), then your company is likely doing one or many of the following things: Shifting to customers with a larger budget – more seats, usage, etc. Employing a more effective sales strategy to convince customers to invest more heavily in your product Building a product that continues to improve and provide increasing value Effectively upselling existing customers SaaS Gross Profit Margin Growing the top line is necessary to build a scalable business but in order to build a sustainable company – or raise capital that helps get you to that point – your profitability (in this case, we are looking at Gross Margin) must be trending in the right direction. Here, we see Gross Margin increase initially and then fall off in recent periods. This could result from a number of factors: Churn from high margin customers Pricing pressure from new entrants or large players Lower percentage of revenue coming from MRR (subscription revenue) An increase in the infrastructure required to deliver the product (server costs, support costs, etc.) In the case of ExCo. we know that ACV is moving up and that the revenue stream is becoming more and more weighted towards subscription revenue so we can rule out a couple of potential causes. What is likely occurring is an increase in the infrastructure required to deliver the product (server costs, support costs, etc.). When the numbers change, it is crucial to know why and to be able to present context and a path forward when discussing those changes with investors. In spite of the dip, ExCo.’s gross margin still remains in the same ballpark relative to others in the market and is higher than it was the previous year. As your company moves further and further through the Venture fundraising lifecycle – from Seed to A to Growth rounds – the numbers gain importance in the overall story for the fundraise. The metrics above provide a quick glimpse of high level figures that can be very useful in getting in a foot in the door with some investors — strong MRR growth, a robust Sales Pipeline, growth in the commitment of future revenue (known as Bookings), and low Churn Rate (among many other factors) can also play a significant role in the success of your fundraise and in the long term viability of the business.

Rockstart Digital Health Accelerator – Startup Metrics Template In early 2015 Rockstart, already a well-known name in the European startup community, launched a new digital health accelerator focused on making a sustainable impact on global health systems. We have partnered with Rockstart to put together a template that you can start using today to get a high-level understanding of how your business looks today and where your growth is leading you in the future. We went a little longer than 3 minutes with this one but we promise it is worth it! What startup metrics matter to an early stage digital health company? As with any early-stage company, focus is key. This is why Rockstart puts each company’s Most Valuable Metric front and center on the business dashboard. The primary reason to have a single, understandable metric for your business is to cut out the noise that comes with trying to track (and take action on) every single thing so that you can hone in on the one thing that drives your success. Read any startup post-mortem and you’ll quickly realize the negative impact that lack of focus can have on a company. In the digital health sector, companies don’t all fit within the same bucket from a business model perspective. The first Rockstart Digital Heal Accelerator class has hardware companies (like Med Angel), marketplaces (like Dinst), and SaaS businesses (like Mount) who all likely have different true north metrics. Revenue and Net Burn – Are you becoming more cash efficient over time? The reality in many early stage technology companies still searching for a sustainable business model is unprofitability. In many cases, companies focus solely on top line (revenue) growth and neglect the need to control costs around things like user acquisition. Taking this approach results in a very cash inefficient business model. In cash efficient businesses, like the example in the video, a company grows revenue at an exceedingly faster rate than it grows its net burn. This leads to (eventually) a self-sustaining business and, in the interim, the ability to raise capital at more company-friendly terms. If you want to learn more about startup cash efficiency, we highly recommend this post from Hyde Park Ventures’ Guy Turner.

Version One Ventures Marketplace Metrics Template Version One Ventures, which closed a $35 million fund in late 2014, is one of North America’s top early stage VC investors. With investments in marketplace companies like Angellist, Indiegogo, and HandUp they are experts in taking companies from growth to scaling. Recently, the firm released a Guide to Marketplaces compiling those insights and and learnings to help you build your business. What Marketplace Metrics should I be tracking? This metric template, which you can access within Visible is inspired by a post from Version One’s Angela Tran Kingyens who was herself inspired by Christoph Janz and his SaaS Metrics template. Here is a deeper look at some of the marketplace metrics we talk about in the video and how you can apply them to your own business. Gross Merchandise Volume (GMV), Revenue, and Take Rate Simply put, Gross Merchandise Volume (GMV) is the total dollar value being transacted through your platform during a given time period. So if in one month there are 100 transactions done through your marketplace with an average size of $50, your GMV will be $5000. Pretty basic. As Andreessen Horowitz put it in the Startup Metrics blog post, it is the “real top line” for a marketplace business. As a single number, GMV is useful in helping understand the high level growth of the business and looks good in press releases and investor conversations. From an operational perspective, GMV gives you a starting point to better understand all of the underlying aspects of your business to more effectively allocate growth-focused resources. GMV by time of year (think Airbnb and seasonal differences), time of day (Uber and rush hour vs. late night volume), and by location or market (any on-demand marketplace opening new markets) GMV by acquisition channel. Marketplace companies, especially in the on-demand space, are often reliant on customer referrals and other types of paid advertisement to get to initial liquidity. If you understand how that channel compares with others (social, organic, etc.) – assuming you also know how much it costs to acquire a customer through each channel – your GMV trends by channel play an important part in helping you allocate your sales and marketing dollars. A word to the wise…GMV is NOT the same thing as Revenue for a marketplace business. This is something to be aware of when discussing the growth of your company with investors, potential employees, or partners. To calculate revenue for a marketplace company, multiply your GMV by your Take Rate. Take Rate is the % that your business “takes” from each transaction on your platform. In recent periods, companies either ignorant of the proper terminology or looking to play sleight of hand in order to spur investor interest have come under fire for misrepresenting the size of their business by using GMV to mean Revenue. Don’t make this mistake. Marketplace Activity Growth As we noted above, marketplaces are all about efficiently matching buyers and sellers. When a marketplace is making these matches successfully at scale, it is said to have reached liquidity. Maintaining liquidity over time is not an easy proposition, as human (customer support for both sides), technical (matching or suggestion algorithms), and hybrid (how to price your offering) considerations bring about a daily balancing act. To add even more complexity, some marketplaces have more moving parts than just a single buyer and seller. For example, DoorDash customers are buying a product from the end restaurant but also the service of having a DoorDash driver pick up the food and deliver it in a timely manner. Net Promoter Score Net Promoter Score was also featured in our recent Shopify Ecommerce Template and for good reason. Any time two parties are transacting, trust is a key element. Am I getting a fair price? Is the product or service going to meet my expectations? Do I have protection in the event something goes wrong? As the conduit for these transactions, maintaining a high degree of trust from buyers and sellers is crucial for a marketplace. Net Promoter Score, which asks customers (and sellers in the case of a marketplace business) how likely they are to refer your product or service to a friend or colleague, serves as a proxy for trust. If people and businesses on both sides are having good experiences on your platform, it can be assumed that they are being treated fairly and finding the value they are searching for. Visible Templates make it quick and easy to get started on the path to successful Data Distribution. Whether you are looking to raise money, send investor updates to your current shareholders, or just keep your team operating smoothly, Visible Templates give you a framework to tell a story around your most important key performance data. We have partnered with top VC investors, high-growth companies, and successful entrepreneurs to create templates that take just a few minutes to set up. See All Visible Template Posts Start Using Templates in Visible

In building Visible and working hands-on with companies and investors from around the world, we have learned the importance of customization when it comes to what metrics your company tracks and how you track those metrics. For example, a late stage venture-backed Ecommerce company has different needs and goals than a 10 person online store. Both, however, have stakeholders who need to know how the business is performing and what they can do to help the business grow. Thankfully, for every type of business, there are a ton of resources to help you understand what to track and how to track it. With Visible Templates, we have partnered with the creators of these resources – top VC investors, high growth companies, and successful entrepreneurs – to make it easy for you to build a metrics framework and a business dashboard that suits your company. The Visible Shopify Ecommerce Dashboard Shopify is one of the world’s largest Ecommerce platforms and a huge supporter of small businesses and Ecommerce startups anywhere. With thousands of companies of all shapes and sizes using the platform to build online stores and sell their products, Shopify truly has domain expertise when understanding what Ecommerce metrics are most important and how they can be applied to help you grow your business. What Ecommerce metrics should I be tracking? This template was initially inspired by a post from Mark Hayes, Shopify’s Director of Communications where he outlines 32 of the best Ecommerce metrics for a company to track. In the videto above, we have talked through a few of our favorites. Below, we jump in even further to three of the most important Ecommerce metrics your company can start using today: Net Promoter Score, Average Order Value, and Conversion Rate. By the way…did you know you can now export all of your Visible charts in PNG, SVG, and JPG formats? That means better visuals for your pitch decks and other company storyelling materials. Net Promoter Score (NPS) In the past, we’ve written about Net Promoter Score as a way to gauge how likely your current investors are to refer you to other investors, partners, and key employees. The same concept holds true for measuring Ecommerce Net Promoter Score, which asks current customers a simple question on a scale of 1-10: How likely is it that you would recommend our company to a friend or colleague? Because competition is high in the Ecommerce space and switching costs are low for many consumers, successful companies must take a customer-centric approach to growth. This mean embracing NPS as a holistic measure of business performance. Like all important business KPIs NPS doesn’t live in a bubble, it directly impacts other important Ecommerce metrics: Lifetime Value of a Customer (LTV) – customers who fall in the 7-10 range on the NPS scale are likely happy with your product offering, have an affinity for the brand you have built, and can be expected to continue returning to purchase from your site (if you keep delivering on your company promise, of course). Viral Coefficient aka K Factor – Your K factor or viral coefficient measures how many new, secondary users, an individual new user helps you acquire over their lifetime. Happier users refer more new business. Total Orders and Average Order Value (AOV) Running an Ecommerce business, you have two levers you can pull with regards to bringing money in the door (Revenue). The first is doing more volume, or in other words, increasing the total number of orders placed through your site. The second is Average Order Value (AOV), which is a measure of the size of each order placed on your site. Increasing your Average Order Value can be accomplished in a number of ways, including offering future discounts, bundling similar products, or offering specials on shipping. Conversion Rate How effectively are you moving people from the top of the funnel (Visitors) to the bottom (Customers)? This is a core question you must ask yourself as you are designing your product as well as your marketing plan for your Ecommerce company. At a high level, your Ecommerce conversion rate is simply the Number of Total Orders / Number of Visitors. As you get more sophisticated, you can begin tracking more steps in the Ecommerce funnel and honing in on how your conversion rates differ depending on lead source, purchase type, or even time of day.

What is the K Factor/ Viral Coefficient? The K factor or viral coefficient measures how many new, secondary users, an individual new user helps you acquire over their lifetime. For SaaS companies, if the software is good, the individual users will then refer the software to their friends, teams, and companies. In simple terms, a viral coefficient is a number which indicates how many new users a current user is referring to your business. This metric is used to measure the organic growth of a company. Understanding and improving the viral coefficient of your SaaS solution is a crucial part of achieving exponential growth. How to Calculate SaaS K Factor/ Viral Coefficient Here’s how to calculate your K Factor or Viral coefficient, according to Culttt: Take your current number of users (let’s call it 100) Multiply by the average number of invitations or referrals that your user base sends out (100 x 10) Find the percentage of referrals that took the desired action, for example, signed up to be a new user. (12%) If 12% of 1000 invitations signed up for your product you would have 120 new users. You started with 100 users and you gained 120 users. So you divide the number of new users by the number of existing users to find your Viral Coefficient (120 / 100 = 1.2). Kissmetrics notes that a positive viral coefficient rate means four things: You are giving your customers a positive user experience You’ve found product/market fit You have a low cost of acquisition You will probably have high profitability A viral coefficient of 1 or above means that for every user you acquire, you’ll gain at least one additional user through the referral process. Each round of referrals creates a viral loop of growth. Note: This is a very basic model that assumes no user growth from other sources (Paid Advertising, Content Marketing, etc.) If you want to start building charts like this to showcase the growth of your business, start your free 14-day trial on Visible Why it’s important but Not the Only Metric for User Growth Customer acquisition can be challenging for SaaS companies, but having a positive viral coefficient means you are acquiring new customers essentially for free. But what if your viral coefficient is lower than 1? Many people argue that anything less than a K Factor of 1 is worthless, because this implies that your SaaS Company is failing. However this isn’t necessarily true. In reality, as long as you have a great product with repeat customers a K-Factor as low as 0.2 will still equate to a free extra user every time a user signs up. Furthermore, recommendations and referrals should not be your only measure of user adoption and growth. Many SaaS companies, such as ShoeBoxed which has a low viral coefficient score of around 0.16, build customer acquisition by using other channels such as SEO or PPC or content marketing to bring in new users. Instead of bringing in one person, they bring in 1.2 – 1.4. For them, the referral program is just a way to enhance the efforts of all other customer acquisition tools. It’s also important to note that viral coefficient isn’t always predictable, and relying on referral programs doesn’t always equate to short term boosts in users. Some referral processes take longer to make conversions because potential users needed more exposure to multiple referrals before signing up. When digital signature company EchoSign tracked their viral conversions, they found that their average viral cycle (the time from initial user sign-up to successful referral sign-up) was 8 months. Therefore you should always look at your viral loop as a side growth accelerator that will boost all of your other user acquisition efforts. Great Resources for Viral Marketing and SaaS Now that you know how to calculate your K-Factor and understand why it’s a great metric for growth, here are some great articles on viral marketing and some examples of the SaaS companies who are winning the viral marketing game: How Referrals Built The $10 Billion Dropbox Empire, by Visakan Veerasamy for Referral Candy The Best Referral Program Examples, by Brandon Gains at Referral SaaSquatch Customer Acquisition & Monetization, by David Skok for For Entreprenuers ‘Startup Growth Engines: Case Studies of How Today’s Most Successful Startups Unlock Extraordinary Growth’, by Sean Ellis & Morgan Brown This post is part of our Most Valuable Metrics series, helping your company understand how to develop a holistic framework for tracking your performance and telling your story to everyone who matters to your business. You can find previous posts in the series here: Your Company’s Most Valuable Metric How to Calculate Lead Velocity Rate (LVR) Stealing the Right Growth Metrics for Your Startup How to Calculate Bookings What is your Investor Net Promoter Score? How to Calculate SaaS Churn How to Steal the Right Growth Metrics for Your Startup How to Calculate Net MRR

Learn How to Calculate Different Forms of MRR This post is part of our Most Valuable Metrics series, helping your company understand how to develop a holistic framework for tracking your performance and telling your story to everyone who matters to your business. You can find previous posts in the series here: Your Company’s Most Valuable Metric How to Calculate Lead Velocity Rate (LVR) Stealing the Right Growth Metrics for Your Startup How to Calculate Bookings What is your Investor Net Promoter Score? How to Calculate SaaS Churn How to Steal the Right Growth Metrics for Your Startup Like every SaaS business, consistent subscription revenue is vital to your success. That’s why knowing your Monthly Recurring Revenue, or MRR, is so important. MRR is a measurement of the total predictable revenue you expect to make on a monthly basis. Here’s a very simple example of MRR. You have three customers with the following subscription rates. Customer X pays $75/month Customer Y pays $50/month Customer Z pays $25/month Your total MRR is $75 + $50 + $25 = $150. Net MRR gives your company a holistic overview of revenue gained from new subscriptions and upsells/upgrades and revenue lost from downgrades and cancellations. MRR might not be part of GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) or IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards) but because of its importance in raising capital and gauging your sales and marketing success, it is crucial to understand and calculate correctly. Unintentionally misrepresenting your business to potential investors or developing your business plan on faulty data could spell disaster for your company. To start, when calculating your MRR, do not include the following. Full value of multi-month contracts: If you have quarterly, semi-annual, or annual contracts, normalize them to a monthly rate. Take the full subscription amount paid and divide it by the number of months in the contract. For example, your customer pays you $1,200 for an annual subscription. Dividing that by 12 gives you a monthly rate of $100 which you should use in your MRR calculation instead of $1,200. One-time payments: One-time payments are not recurring, so you shouldn’t include them in your MRR calculation. One-time payments are not the same as multi-month payments. Even though a customer is paying a lump sum payment for those months, you expect the customer to make another lump sum payment at the end of the subscription period. With one-time payments, you don’t expect the customer to make another subscription payment. Trialers: Until trial customers convert to being regular customers, don’t include their expected subscription values in your MRR calculation. Now that you know how to determine your MRR and understand what should be excluded, you can calculate your net MRR. Net MRR includes the following: New MRR: MRR from new customers Expansion MRR: MRR from gained from existing customers when they upgrade their subscriptions Churned MRR: MRR lost from existing customers when they downgrade or cancel their subscriptions So, the formula for calculating Net MRR is: Knowing the three elements of Net MRR is critical to understanding how your business is growing. Ideally your Expansion MRR should be greater than your Churned MRR each month. If it is, then you’re doing something right with your existing customers! Want to read more on Monthly Recurring Revenue and how it impacts your business as your grow? SaaS Metrics 2.0 – Detailed Definitions from Matrix Partners’ David Skok Why most SaaS startups should aim for negative MRR churn by Christoph Janz of Point Nine Capital SaaS Metrics for Fundraising from Intercom’s Bobby Pinero Diligence at Social + Capital: Accounting for Revenue Growth from Jonathan Hsu

This post is excerpted from our first book, The Ultimate Guide to Startup Data Distribution. You can download the book for free and learn more about how other top companies are building and operating high-impact data distribution systems to keep everyone that matters engaged in the their business. Check out the other parts if you haven’t already: Part 1. The Ultimate Guide to Startup Data Distribution Part 2. Your Company’s Most Valuable Metric Part 3. How to Find Your Company’s Storytelling Framework Part 4. ‘Steal’ the Right Metrics for Your Company (Coming Soon) You can also find more on the topic of Startup Data Distribution here: The 3 Key Pillars of Startup Data Distribution – OpenView Labs How to Tell Your Company’s Story – Medium To use a line from David Skok (the Godfather of SaaS metrics), “good metrics should be actionable and drive successful behavior.” To accomplish this, you first need to determine the end definition of “success” for your company. Since the mix of factors leading up to this point (Business Model + Stage + Audience), as well as the overall goals of every company, are different, there is no one size fits all approach to selecting your MVM. The primary reason to have a single, holistic metric for your business is to cut out the noise that comes with trying to track (and take action on) everything so that you can hone in on the one thing that drives your success. Read any startup post-mortem and you’ll quickly realize the negative impact that lack of focus can have on a company. As you will see in the illustrations below, even growth stage and public companies often have a single MVM that they aspire to grow each period. In many cases, like with Airbnb or Meetup, the same MVM has been a guiding beacon since the early days. Our Most Valuable Metric At Visible, the metric most tied to our “success”, our MVM, is the number of companies we have actively using the platform on a monthly basis. The progress that we make on this metric helps us understand the performance of each one of our teams and can help us identify parts of the business bottlenecking our growth. First of all, it gives us a good idea of how many people are coming in to the top of the funnel through different inbound and outbound channels then lets us know if our product is effective at “activating” those companies. Then, if a company is coming back to Visible each month to track and distribute their performance data, they are more likely to be inviting their investors, advisors and team members. As more companies in an investor’s portfolio begin sharing updates and metrics, the investor is more likely to become a paying customer. Similarly, team adoption within an organization grows as companies invite more employees. In addition, since so many of the companies on Visible are what would be considered early or growth stage businesses, their continued expansion will bring new stakeholders into the fray, adding to the number of people who rely on us for the organization of their most crucial business data. Related resource: Lead Velocity Rate: A Key Metric in the Startup Landscape Early Stage Most Valuable Metrics To give you some inspiration and help get you started, we’ve compiled a list of Most Valuable Metrics for top companies across a number of different stages and business models. Whether you are interested in SaaS metrics like MRR (Buffer) or something a little less common, like Product Hunt’s “Product Page Visits,” you can do it on Visible. Growth Stage Most Valuable Metrics Even growth stage companies often have a single metric that everyone in the business – sales, product, customer success – focuses on growing each period. A holistic measurement of where the business is heading helps you tell your story more effectively and understand which supporting metrics are having the most impact on your growth. Next Steps Need help understanding what Most Valuable Metric is right for your business? We’ve created a series of posts that take a deep dive into some metrics that top startup companies are using to gain insight into their businesses. Lead Velocity Rate (SaaS Metrics) Bookings (SaaS Metrics) Net Promoter Score How to calculate churn rate (SaaS Metrics) We will continue adding to this list each week so feel free to get in touch with any metrics you would like to learn more about.

This post is excerpted from our first book, The Ultimate Guide to Startup Data Distribution. You can download the book for free and learn more about how other top companies are building and operating high-impact data distribution systems to keep everyone that matters engaged in the their business. Check out the other parts if you haven’t already: Part 1. The Ultimate Guide to Startup Data Distribution Part 2. Your Company’s Most Valuable Metric Part 3. How to Find Your Company’s Storytelling Framework Part 4. ‘Steal’ the Right Metrics for Your Company (Coming Soon) You can also find more on the topic of Startup Data Distribution here: The 3 Key Pillars of Startup Data Distribtion – OpenView Labs How to Tell Your Company’s Story – Medium How do you tell your company’s story? Being able to effectively tell your company’s story has never been more important. As a company grows, it acquires more stakeholders – employees, investors, advisors – who need to remain engaged in the business in order to play their role most effectively. When those different stakeholders are empowered with the right information, it leads to better communication between teams, more introductions from investors to potential customers or employees and an overall culture of transparency that endows a feeling of ownership that stretches beyond what shows up on a cap table. What is Data Distribution? Data Distribution describes the systems and processes a company has for gathering key performance metrics and getting them to the right people at the right time in order to support the company’s growth. How your company builds your specific data distribution philosophy centers around how you want to tell your company’s story and who you want to tell that story to. In short, Data Distribution is how well your company turns this… Into this… Why is Data Distribution Important? Taking a company from its first round of funding to ultimate success (define that how you will) is no easy task. Companies fail for a number of different reasons and one of the more inexcusable is a breakdown in communication between founding teams, CEOs and investors, or leaders of different teams within in organization. Building a solid process for your company’s Data Distribution means professionalizing the way that you approach communication to your stakeholders. There is a responsibility that comes with deploying capital for others (often millions of dollars) and employing people (often dozens) to help build your vision. Marc Andreessen touched on this responsibility in a recent interview with Fortune’s Dan Primack. How can I implement Data Distribution at my company? The way that a company tracks and analyzes the key performance indicators around its product development and distribution as well as its customers and employees is key in determining whether its data distribution system will be effective and yield long term positive results. Blake Koriath, CFO at SaaS-focused seed fund High Alpha, likes to start wide when working with companies, focusing first on business model and company stage, then digging into exactly who will be viewing specific metrics and when. Once you understand this and are committed to the idea of building out a data gathering system, your next step is to actually select the full set of metrics that make sense for your company. This is where things can get complicated, as there are hundreds of metrics to choose from as well as different time frames to consider and different ways of calculating certain metrics. Additionally, the amount of data produced in a growing technology company can be overwhelming for teams and founders. Luckily, many thorough frameworks – crafted through years of experience by top investors and founders – already exist and can give you a great baseline to work from, no matter your business model or stage (we dive in depth into many of them in the book). Remember, as Pablo Picasso whose paintings even most VCs can’t afford is credited with saying, “great artists steal.” Many thanks to Nick Podraza for the awesome image. Check out more of his stuff here. Where can I learn more about Data Distribution? We thought you might ask. To start, you can download The Ultimate Guide to Startup Data Distribution, the first book we’ve ever published here at Visible. The book contains 40 pages of tactical insight to help you and your team tell the story around your key performance data more effectively. Get the Book for Free After you’ve read the book, get in touch! We’d love not only your feedback but also to spend 10 or 15 minutes on the phone sharing some of our learnings and helping your company get set up with an effective Data Distribution process. Shoot us an email and we’ll get back to you asap to get something set up!

What is customer acquisition cost (CAC)? Your customer acquisition cost is an important metric used to track your company’s success. It is the sum total of the amount that it takes your business to acquire a customer, including time from your sales representatives and marketing and advertising expenses. The customer acquisition cost definition: the total cost it takes to bring a customer from first contact to sale. A couple of things that commonly contribute to customer acquisition cost are: Advertising costs Cost of your marketing team Cost of your sales team Creative costs Technical costs Publishing costs Production costs Inventory upkeep Of course, when you think about it, it can take a lot to acquire a customer: you may be running dozens of marketing campaigns, have multiple sales departments, and an array of revenue channels. Luckily, your customer acquisition cost formula is going to be comparatively simple: it’s the amount that your company pays to acquire customers in total divided by the number of new customers gained during that time. Why is customer acquisition cost important? Over time, your CAC will also tell you whether it’s getting more difficult or easier to acquire new customers. You’ll be able to look at trends to see when acquiring customers becomes more affordable, and if there are specific seasons during which customer acquisition is more expensive. By using this data, you can optimize your acquisition strategies, and analyze the strength of your business overall. If your customer acquisition costs are going up, that’s an indicator that your marketing and sales aren’t effective. If your costs are going down, your current strategies are working. Customer acquisition cost is closely related to other metrics, such as customer retention, customer lifetime value, and average purchase price. When used in conjunction with other metrics, you should be able to formulate a clear idea of how your company is doing. How do you calculate CAC? If the combined efforts of your sales and marketing team, including any related advertising costs, is $5,000 a month, and you pull in 500 new customers every month, then the total cost of your CAC is $10 per customer: it’s that simple. The lower your acquisition cost, the better — and if your CAC is very low compared to your customer revenue, scaling upwards may be a good option. Tracking your CAC tells you a lot about how your company is operating. If your customer acquisition cost is $100 but your average sale is $50, your business isn’t sustainable; those acquisition costs need to be reduced. If your CAC is $100 and your customer retention cost is $20, retention becomes very important. Likewise, if your customer acquisition cost is $100 and your customer retention cost is $150, your new customer acquisition is more important. How do you improve customer acquisition cost? The best way to improve your CAC is to eliminate expenses that are increasing your acquisition cost. We suggest taking a look at your data and determining what is working best for acquiring new customers. If you are running a paid AdWords campaign and sponsoring events that do not have any attribution to new customers, it may make sense to cut the sponsorship and continue to focus on your paid AdWords campaign. However, you can improve your customer acquisition cost by improving all parts of the funnel. At the end of the day, the more customers you bring in the lower your CAC will be. This means that it may make sense to focus on conversion at lower parts of the funnel. A few concrete examples of how to improve your customer acquisition costs are laid out below: Focus on improving related marketing metric For example, let’s say that you are spending $1000 (with no other costs) and converting 3% of your 1000 website visitors to customers on a monthly basis. That means you are spending $1000 to attract 30 customers — or $33.33 to acquire a single customer. But let’s say we can improve conversion on the marketing site by updating copy, including new buttons, and building new content. Maybe our cost to make the changes goes up to $1200 but we are converting the 1000 visitors at 5%. That means you are spending $1200 to acquire 50 customers — or $24 to acquire a new customer. A huge boost from the $33.33. That is obviously a very simple example with fixed expenses. It is easy to see how you can replicate that idea across your funnel. It may mean getting more website visitors or converting marketing leads to customers. No matter where it is, improving your conversions across the funnel is a surefire way to increase new customers and bring down your acquisition costs. Enhance User Value On the flipside, if you want to increase your customer acquisition costs (or spend more to find new customers), you need to make sure you are giving users value once they become customers. This might mean offering enhanced product offerings, resources, and a stellar customer experience. Implement a Customer Relationship Management (CRM) & Tracking As the saying goes, “you can’t improve what you don’t measure.” In order to improve your customer acquisition cost, you need to have the tools in place to track your acquisition efforts. One of the best ways to do this is by implementing a CRM and keeping the data clean and concise. Customer Acquisition Cost (CAC) examples Customer acquisition can vary greatly based on industry, geography, business model, and lifecycle stage. For example, the customer acquisition for a company with a higher contract value (let’s say B2b software) warrants being higher than a company with a lower contract value (let’s say a customer-facing app). Depending on your business model and market there are many factors that can be included in your customer acquisition cost. On one hand, let’s say we have a B2B software company that costs $100,000 a year. With a high contract value, it means that there is likely a very specific customer that has a very specific problem. To uncover and bring these customers on to make a large investment it will make sense to spend more money to acquire them. This may mean highly targeted ads, hosting events, or having dedicated team members to bring them on onboard. Check out a few different examples below: Example 1 — SaaS Company For example, let’s say our SaaS company spent $12,000 on marketing efforts that ended up bringing in 100 customers. From here, you expect to spend $8,000 servicing customers over the next year. The CAC breakdown for this company would look like this: CAC = ($12,000 + $8,000) = $20,000 / 100 customers = $200 CAC Related Resource: Our Ultimate Guide to SaaS Metrics Example 2 — eCommerce Company Suppose we sell goods and spend $1,000 on marketing efforts and $1,000 on sales efforts. Combined, these efforts bring in 20 customers. The CAC would look like this: CAC = ($1,000 + $1,000) = $2,000 / 20 new customers = $100 CAC Related Resource: Key Metrics to Track and Measure In the eCommerce World Example 3 — Real Estate Company Our last example is for a real estate company. A new housing complex spends $50,000 on marketing efforts and $50,000 on sales to rent out 500 units. The CAC would look like this: CAC = ($50,000 + $50,000) = $100,000 / 500 = $2,000 CAC As you can see, customer acquisition cost can be a very subjective metric. Depending on your company and model it is important to understand what a reasonable CAC is for you. That is why we need to understand your customer’s lifetime value (more on this below). Related Readings: What is a Startup’s Annual Run Rate? (Definition + Formula) What does lifetime value (LTV) mean? There’s a reason why many experts insist Customer Lifetime Value (we’ll use LTV for short) is the most important metric for your startup. The data points you gather for the LTV formula can help assess the overall health of your company. Not only does LTV provide insight into the long-term trajectory of your startup, but it also gives immediate insight into specific areas that need improvement. Knowing how valuable it is to gain each customer is essential. Related Resource: Defining Customer Lifetime Value for Startups: A Critical Metric Customer lifetime value quantifies the value of what the customer acquisition actually brought into the business. Without customer lifetime value, you know how much every customer cost to bring in, but you don’t know how much those customers were worth. Why is LTV important? LTV has a major impact on how you determine and justify customer acquisition costs to your investors. You don’t want your backers to worry that you’re paying huge marketing or sales dollars for customers that aren’t worth the investment. But for SaaS companies and any business relying on a recurring revenue stream or repeat customers, acquiring customers at an initial loss is a necessary component in the long-term success strategy. Many raised questions around Salesforce’s share price when the company’s stock topped $128 in 2011 despite a P/E of 234. But Salesforce’s model is based on incurring high acquisition costs upfront in order to enjoy recurring revenue for years after. The LTV of each customer ultimately becomes a high multiple of the initial acquisition costs. As long as the company maintains a high retention rate, their long-term revenue works like an annuity. I have very little doubt that in the early years of Salesforce, Benioff and Co. maintained trust with their investors by showing them a strong LTV model that projected massive value on the customers they were acquiring at a short-term loss. It’s impossible to justify large acquisition costs in marketing and sales if not. A solid LTV approach can alleviate any reactionary fears from investors when they see a string of months or years in the red and get everyone on board with the long-term focus of the company’s growth. How do you calculate LTV? Finally, it’s time to calculate LTV. If there is no expansion revenue expected for the customers, you can simple use this: To get a clearer picture of LTV, also take into account your gross margin percentage. Here’s how the equation should look: How do you improve LTV? Finally, make sure to adjust your LTV when product improvements or retention efforts increase customer value. Especially for enterprise software companies that continuously add features and raise the annual subscription costs as a result. You can also increase LTV by offering better customer service. Clients will stick around longer and pay more money when their questions are answered quickly and problems are solved. It seems so simple, but customer success can be one of the defining features of a success SaaS company. Reducing churn will really shine in your LTV formula. Lifetime Value (LTV) examples Lifetime value is the amount that the customer will spend with the business throughout their relationship with the business. Some companies only expect to see a customer once, or very infrequently, such as real estate firms. Other companies expect that a customer will come on a regular basis, such as restaurants. The lifetime value of a customer is going to rest primarily on how often the customer interacts with and purchases from the brand. We constructed a model using annual revenue figures. Here’s a look at LTV that you can share with investors: What does LTV:CAC ratio mean? To make your cost to acquire is worth the lifetime value of the customer, it’s helpful to check the ratio between both. LTV:CAC ratio measures the cost of acquiring a customer to the lifetime value. An ideal LTV:CAC ratio is 3 (your customer’s lifetime value should be 3x the cost to acquire them). Related Reading: Unit Economics for Startups: Why It Matters and How To Calculate It Why is LTV:CAC ratio important? As we mentioned above the ideal LTV:CAC ratio in the eyes of many investors and startups is 3. This means that the lifetime value of a customer is 3x the cost to acquire them. As we wrote in our SaaS metrics guide, “ratios closer to one mean that you need to trim expenses. On the other hand, too large of a ratio may mean that you could spend more to gain even more business.” However, a larger number is generally a good sign as long as your business continues to grow. If your LTV:CAC ratio is closer to 1 (or less than 1) you have a serious acquisition problem. This means that you are spending far too much to acquire customers and likely have a large burn rate. There are instances where this is okay if it is part of your plan. For example, to penetrate a competitive market. How do you calculate LTV:CAC ratio? To make your cost to acquire is worth the lifetime value of the customer, it’s helpful to check the ratio between both. Here’s the equation: Having around a 3:1 ratio of LTV to CAC will likely impress your investors. Here’s how that would look in the model: If you want to use the model yourself and upload to your Visible account we’ve made a Google Sheets template that you can find here (make sure to check out the instructions tab). How do you improve LTV:CAC ratio? An LTV model is exactly what is says it is: just a model. After you project your retention rate percentage, your company has to hit those numbers–just as if it were a revenue or profit goals. Otherwise, good customers can quickly become a terrible loss if they don’t renew enough times to turn a profit. The LTV exercise will help keep you on track and determine where your company might need to deploy additional resources to hit retention goals. If the percentage slips, it’s time to figure out why you users are leaving. Is this a product problem? Is customer service underperforming? Sticking to your LTV model will be the canary in the coalmine to know when retention is a problem area for your company and it time to solicit advice and help from your investors. Related Resource: Pitch Deck 101: The Go-to-Market and Customer Acquisition Slide LTV:CAC ratio examples In general, a good lifetime value (LTV) to customer acquisition cost (CAC) is 3:1. If a customer is being brought in for $100, their lifetime value should be at least $300. Otherwise, you will be spending too much drawing in your customers; it will become important to fine tune, streamline, and optimize your marketing and your advertising. A ratio of 1:1 is bad: you’ll only be breaking even on your customer acquisition cost, and your business may not be gaining any ground. However, ratios of 1:1 or even worse are frequently seen when a business is initially scaling. If a company is attempting to grow aggressively, it may be able to do so by sacrificing its LTV:CAC ratio. Ideally, once this growth has been achieved, the company will find it easier and more affordable to gain further clientele. Customer acquisition cost benchmarks Customer acquisition cost can vary quite a bit depending on the industry and company lifecycle. If a company is going to market for the first time, chances are that customer acquisition costs will be higher as they start gaining ground. Most importantly, the industry and business model will be of much significance when evaluating benchmarks for your acquisition cost. As we mentioned above, “some companies only expect to see a customer once, or very infrequently, such as real estate firms. Other companies expect that a customer will come on a regular basis, such as restaurants. The lifetime value of a customer is going to rest primarily on how often the customer interacts with and purchases from the brand.” This means that your LTV and market will dictate what an acquisition cost is. If you’re selling less frequently for larger contract sizes, a higher customer acquisition cost will make sense. If you’re selling more frequently to smaller contract sizes you will obviously need to keep your acquisition cost down to scale across the larger customer base. Using data from Entrepreneur, we can put together a few benchmarks across different industries as shown below: Travel: $7 Retail: $10 Consumer Goods: $22 Manufacturing: $83 Transportation: $98 Marketing Agency: $141 Financial: $175 Technology (Hardware): $182 Real Estate: $213 Banking/Insurance: $303 Telecom: $315 Technology (Software): $395 Related Reads: How To Calculate and Interpret Your SaaS Magic Number Optimize your customer acquisition cost metrics with Visible Discuss with your investors your strategy for improving LTV and CAC over time. You can justify prioritizing product or service investments if you can point to the value payoff as a result. As your company continues to grow you will want to continue to tweak and improve your acquisition costs and lifetime value. In an age where investors are more focus on profitability and sustainability than ever before one of the first places to look is your CAC and LTV. To get started with your LTV:CAC model, check out our free template below:

Start Calculate Bookings Welcome to our latest post in our MVM (Most-Valuable-Metric) series, last time we filled you in on Lead Velocity Rate. Today we want to drop some knowledge on bookings. Specifically we want to fill you in on why bookings are great, how to calculate bookings and how they differ from other similar metrics. When we first started Visible, a good amount of SaaS CEOs told me about bookings and why they are the primary metric for their company. This was the first I heard of bookings so I looked into it. What I quickly realized is that bookings are a forward looking metric that previewed revenue to come and give a great look into the health of the business. Now that I figured out why bookings were so important, I had to figure out how to calculate and learn a little more. The first thing I learned is that bookings are not a GAAP defined term so the definition may vary depending on the company. However, our goal is to create the standard of bookings for early stage startups to use going froward. Here it goes: Bookings are the value of all transactions in a specified period of time normalized for one year. Fred Wilson breaks it down very simply on his AVC blog, “When a customer commits to spend money, that is a booking”. This includes subscription revenue, non-subscription revenue, professional services, etc. Lets break this down and visualize an example. Lets say for January 2015 you want to calculate bookings and you have the following transactions: 24 month contract @ $1,000 per month (paid bi-annually) 12 month contract @ $2,000 per month (paid upfront) $5,000 one time setup fee (paid upfront) $3,000 professional services (paid upfront) 6 month contract renewal @ $500 per month (paid quarterly) Upsell on 1 month to month contract with new price @ $1,000 per month. Jan 2015 Bookings = $48,000 (You’ll see we didn’t include the 2nd part of the first contract for this calculation). How does this differ from Revenue, MRR or Collections? Revenue is only recognized when a particular service is used. If you have professional services and/or a setup fee included as part of a software contract then the revenue is ratably recognized over the lifetime value of the customer (lets assume 1 year). So looking at the same set of transaction you’ll have revenue of $5,166. MRR only applies to the subscription part (aka recurring) part of the business so the MRR will be $4,500 in our example. Collections happen when the customer actually pays you and the cash is in the bank. Going along with the example above collections in January will be $40,500. It’s important to track all of these metrics in parallel for your business and how they work together. You want to make sure you have future and predicable cash flows coming in (Bookings & MRR) but also making sure you are getting paid (Collections) and that you can recognize it (Revenue).

Growing or Scaling? I was chatting with a student looking to get into the startup world. This particular student wanted to join a newly launched app and help “scale” the company. I paused and asked, “Do you mean help grow the company or scale it?”. Super early stage startups are rarely “scaling”, rather they are doing anything possible to grow. They are doing things that are not scalable, trying to find product-market fit and cold emailing just about everyone to try their product. When you are trying to grow your company, you hope to find a repeatable process that will scale one day. Growth means every unit of input yields the same predictable output. Scaling allows your output to exponentially grow while keeping your input the same. Here are 2 great examples I’ve encountered at Visible : 1) I was the sole BD guy when we started and I would ad-hoc email potential customers, it was too early to do anything more sophisticated. I would track these potential customers in Streak. Over time, our core customer developed and I knew sending 100 emails yielded 50 responses to 35 demos and 10 deals won (made up #s). Luckily, we had some growth so we were able to have Brett join the team. He quickly took my archaic (yet proven) process, setup a Tout account, and in the same amount of time he was able to effectively email 10x the amount of potential customers. With the same amount of input (hours) we were able to scale our outbound sales 10x. Which brings me to point #2. 2) Since we were successful in point #1, I increasingly had to help setup trials for potential customers, onboard new customers or handle support. I was primarily using email to handle all of this. It was tedious but it was too early to try and setup a help desk or an onboarding process. Eventually this wasn’t repeatable and things broke down. Nate then joined the team to handle customer success and operations. He tricked out Intercom, setup potential trial-ers on Formstack, on-boarded new founders on Lesson.ly and has our whole process buttoned up and scaled…for now. Brett & Nate are still testing out new distribution channels, re-engagement campaigns and more by “brute forcing” them. When something works, we will scale that process. Startups are in a perpetual state of grow -> scale, grow – > scale, grow -> scale. Coincidentally, Jeff Bussgang at Flybridge Capital just penned this post on “Scaling the Chasm” which is a great read. Related Resource: 7 Startup Growth Strategies There is a certain sexiness that comes from scaling a startup (that’s why they exist) but to get there you have to put in the work in and find out how to grow the company first.